What is Congenital Heart Disease and How to Treat It?

 What is Congenital Heart Disease and How to Treat It?

Congenital heart disease (CHD) is a term for conditions that affect the structure of the heart since birth. These heart defects can alter the normal flow of blood through the heart and the blood vessels. CHD can cause various symptoms, such as fatigue, heart murmur, irregular heartbeat, bluish skin, shortness of breath, and swelling of tissues or organs. CHD can also increase the risk of complications, such as arrhythmias, endocarditis, stroke, heart failure, pulmonary hypertension, and heart valve problems.

The exact cause of CHD is not known, but several factors may contribute to its development. Some of these factors are:

- Having infections such as rubella during pregnancy

- Maternal illnesses such as diabetes or autoimmune disorders

- Taking drugs like isotretinoin or lithium during pregnancy

- Maternal obesity

- Smoking or consuming alcohol during pregnancy

- Hereditary or family history of CHD

- Chromosomal abnormalities or genetic mutations

The diagnosis of CHD can be done before or after birth, depending on the severity of the defect. Some of the tests that can be used to diagnose CHD are:

- Electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG): This painless test records the electrical signals in the heart and can detect abnormal heart rhythms.

- Chest X-ray: This test can show changes in the size and shape of the heart and the lungs.

- Pulse oximetry: This test measures the oxygen level in the blood using a sensor attached to the finger.

- Echocardiogram: This test uses sound waves (ultrasound) to create images of the moving heart and can show the structure and function of the heart and the blood flow.

- Transesophageal echocardiogram: This test is similar to an echocardiogram, but it uses a flexible tube inserted through the mouth and into the esophagus to obtain more detailed images of the heart.

- Imaging tests: These tests, such as cardiac CT scan or MRI, use X-rays or magnetic fields to produce images of the heart and chest.

- Cardiac catheterization: This test involves inserting a thin tube (catheter) through a blood vessel, usually in the groin, and up to the heart. X-rays are used to guide the catheter to the correct position. Sometimes, dye is injected through the catheter to make the blood vessels more visible. This test can measure the blood pressure and blood flow in the heart and the blood vessels.

The treatment of CHD depends on the type and severity of the defect. Some of the treatment options are:

- Observation or watchful waiting: Some mild defects may not require any treatment, but regular check-ups are needed to monitor the condition and prevent any complications.

- Medications: Some medications can be used to relieve symptoms or stabilize the condition before or after surgery or intervention. These may include diuretics (water pills) to remove excess fluid from the body and make breathing easier, anticoagulants (blood thinners) to prevent blood clots, and digoxin to slow down the heartbeat and increase the strength of the heart's pumping function.

- Catheter procedures: These procedures involve using a catheter to repair or improve the heart defect. For example, a balloon attached to the catheter can be inflated to widen a narrowed valve or vessel, or a metal tube (stent) can be inserted to keep a vessel open.

- Surgery: Some defects may require open heart surgery, where the chest is opened and the heart is stopped temporarily. The surgeon can then remove, repair, or replace the defective part of the heart or the blood vessel. Sometimes, a heart transplant may be needed if the heart cannot be repaired.

- Implantable devices: Some devices can be implanted in the heart or the chest to help the heart function better. For example, a pacemaker can regulate the heartbeat, or a defibrillator can deliver an electric shock to correct a life-threatening arrhythmia.

People with CHD need lifelong medical care and follow-up by a specialist in adult congenital heart disease. They also need to adopt a healthy lifestyle, such as eating a balanced diet, exercising regularly, avoiding smoking and alcohol, managing stress, and taking medications as prescribed. They should also be aware of the signs and symptoms of complications and seek medical attention immediately if they occur.

CHD is a common and serious condition that can affect the quality of life and the life expectancy of the affected person. However, with proper diagnosis, treatment, and care, many people with CHD can live normal and productive lives.